| Peer-Reviewed

Evaluation of the Effects of Biofield Energy Healing Based Herbomineral Formulation on Various Biomarkers in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Role of the Trivedi Effect®

Received: 30 October 2017     Accepted: 17 November 2017     Published: 5 December 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

A new proprietary herbomineral formulation was formulated, consisting of essential ingredients viz. herbal root extract ashwagandha and minerals (zinc, magnesium, and selenium). The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of Energy of Consciousness Healing (The Trivedi Effect®) Treatment on the herbomineral formulation in male Sprague Dawley rats. The test formulation was divided into two parts. One part was denoted as the control without Biofield Energy Healing Treatment, while the other part was defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely from seven renowned Biofield Energy Healers. Additionally, one group of animals was also received Biofield Energy Treatment per se (day -15) by Biofield Energy Healers under similar conditions. The IgM, IgG, CD4+, and CD8+ were altered in the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation (G4) compared to the disease control (G2). TLC was significantly increased by 19.35% in the G4 compared to the G2. Neutrophil was significantly increased by 31.53%, 29.73%, 31.53%, and 33.84% in the G4, untreated test formulation (G5), G6, and G7, respectively compared to the G2. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were significantly lowered by 18.18% (p≤0.01), 46.33% (p≤0.01), and 46.41% (p≤0.01), respectively in the G4 compared to the G2. Additionally, the levels of TC, TG, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and VLDL were significantly reduced by 25.50% (p≤0.001), 96.39% (p≤0.001), 13.91%, and 55.08% (p≤0.001), respectively in the G6 compared to the G2. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly reduced by 33.65% (p≤0.001) in the G4 compared to the G2. Moreover, the levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), ALP, and creatine kinase myocardium band (CK-MB) were significantly decreased by 29.44% (p≤0.05), 25.54% (p≤0.01), 27.97% (p≤0.01), and 36.07% (p≤0.01), respectively in the G7 group compared to the G2. Testosterone was significantly increased by 83.68%, 305.90%, 1271.03% (p<0.001) and 745.35% (p<0.05) in the G4, G5, G6 and G7, respectively compared to the G2. The level of catalase enzyme was significantly increased by 57.91% (p<0.01) and 98.51% (p<0.001) in Biofield Energy Treatment per se at day -15 (G6) and Biofield Energy Treated test formulation at day -15 (G7), respectively compared to the G2. Overall, results suggested that the Biofield Energy Treated herbomineral formulation and Biofield Energy Treatment per se can be used for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, stress management and prevention, and anti-aging by improving overall health.

Published in International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry (Volume 3, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16
Page(s) 99-108
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Biofield Energy Healing Treatment, Biofield Energy Healers, The Trivedi Effect®, Immunomodulation, Herbomineral Formulation, Antioxidant, Anti-aging, Inflammatory Disease and Stress Management

References
[1] Janeway CA Jr (2001) How the immune system protects the host from infection. Microbes Infect 3: 1167-1171.
[2] William JE (2001) Review of antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest. Alter Med Rev 6: 567-579.
[3] Mahima, Rahal A, Deb R, Latheef SK, Abdul Samad H, Tiwari R, Verma AK, Kumar A, Dhama K (2012) Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal, traditional/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines. Pak J Biol Sci 15: 754-774.
[4] Sharma ML, Rao CS, Duda PL (1994) Immunostimulatory activity of Picrorhiza kurroa leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol 41: 185-192.
[5] Wang JZ, Mao XJ, Ito H, Shimura K (1991) Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide from Acanthopanex obovatus roots. Planta Med 57: 335-336.
[6] Simon R (2011) Genomic biomarkers in predictive medicine: An interim analysis. EMBO Mol Med 3: 429-435.
[7] Konstantinidis TG, Tsigalou C, Bisiklis A, Romanidou G, Konstantinidou E, Parasidis T, Gioka T, Kampouromiti G, Constantinidis TC, Cassimos DC (2012) Autoantibodies in patients with asthma: Is there a link between asthma and autoimmunity? Int J Immunological Studies (Article in press). 6.
[8] Trakhtenberg EF, Goldberg JL (2011) Immunology. Neuroimmune communication. Science 334: 47-48.
[9] Berghella AM, Contasta I, Marulli G, D’Innocenzo C, Garofalo F, Gizzi F, Bartolomucci M, Laglia G, Valeri M, Gizzi M, Friscioni M, Barone M, Beato TD, Secinaro E, Pellegrini P (2014) Ageing gender-specific "biomarkers of homeostasis", to protect ourselves against the diseases of the old age. Immun Ageing 11: 3.
[10] Houston M (2014) The role of nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension. World J Cardiol 6: 38-66.
[11] Bishop WM, Zubeck HM (2012) Evaluation of microalgae for use as nutraceuticals and nutritional supplements. J Nutr Food Sci 2: 147.
[12] Houston, M (2013) Nutrition and nutraceutical supplements for the treatment of hypertension: Part I. 15: 752-757.
[13] Davis L, Kuttan G (2000) Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol 71: 193-200.
[14] Heroor S, Beknal A, Mahurkar N (2012) Preliminary investigation for immunomodulation of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of Pongamia glabra Vent. in mice model. Adv Lif Sci 2: 170-173.
[15] Glotter E, Abraham A, Guenzberg IK (1977) Naturally occurring steroidal lactones with 17 a-oriented side chain structure of withanolide E & related compounds. J Chem Soc Perkins Trans 1: 341-346.
[16] Sohat B, Gitter E, Abraham A, Lavie D (1967) Antitumor activity of withaferin A. Can Chemother Rep 51: 51271-51276.
[17] James SJ, Swenseid M, Makinodan T (1987) Macrophage-mediated depression of T-cell proliferation in zinc-deficient mice. J Nutr 117: 1982-1988.
[18] Engle TE, Nockels DF, Kimberling CV, Weaber DL, Johnson AB (1997) Zinc repletion with organic and inorganic forms of zinc and protein turnover in marginally zinc-deficient calves. J Anim Sci 75: 3074-3081.
[19] Salimian J, Arefpour MA, Riazipour M, Poursasan N (2004) Immunomodulatory effects of selenium and vitamin E on alterations in T lymphocyte subsets induced by T-2 toxin. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 36: 275-281.
[20] Sugimoto J, Romani AM, Valentin-Torres AM, Luciano AA, Ramirez Kitchen CM, Funderburg N, Mesiano S, Bernstein HB (2012) Magnesium decreases inflammatory cytokine production: A novel innate immunomodulatory mechanism. J Immunol 188: 6338-6346.
[21] Quinn PJ (1990) Mechanism of action of some immunomodulators used in veterinary medicine. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 35: 43-99.
[22] Wang JZ, Mao XJ, Ito H, Shimura K (1991) Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide from Acanthopanex obovatus roots. Planta Med 57: 335-336.
[23] Rubik B (1994) Manual healing methods. Alternative medicine: Expanding medical horizons, Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, NIH Publication No. 094-066.
[24] Cooper EL (2007) The immune system and complementary and alternative medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 4: 5-8.
[25] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) In vitro evaluation of biofield treatment on viral load against human immunodeficiency-1 and cytomegalo viruses. American Journal of Health Research 3: 338-343.
[26] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) In vitro Evaluation of biofield treatment on Enterobacter cloacae: Impact on antimicrobial susceptibility and biotype. J Bacteriol Parasitol 6: 241.
[27] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of biofield modality on viral load of hepatitis B and C viruses. J Antivir Antiretrovir 7: 083-088.
[28] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) An impact of biofield treatment: Antimycobacterial susceptibility potential using BACTEC 460/MGIT-TB system. Mycobact Dis 5: 189.
[29] Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of antibiogram, genotype and phylogenetic analysis of biofield treated Nocardia otitidis. Biol Syst Open Access 4: 143.
[30] Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antibiogram, biochemical reactions, and genotypic pattern of biofield treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181.
[31] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of bio field treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powders. J Material Sci Eng S 11: 001.
[32] Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic characterization of biofield treated salicylic acid and sparfloxacin. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 186.
[33] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Latiyal O, Jana S (2015) Potential impact of biofield treatment on atomic and physical characteristics of magnesium. Vitam Miner 3: 129.
[34] Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Sethi KK, Jana S (2016) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based isotopic abundance ratio analysis of biofield energy treated methyl-2-napthylether (Nerolin). American Journal of Physical Chemistry 5: 80-86.
[35] Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Panda P, Jana S (2016) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of isotopic abundance of 13C, 2H, and 18O in biofield energy treated p-tertiary butylphenol (PTBP). American Journal of Chemical Engineering 4: 78-86.
[36] Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Mondal SC, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of biochemical marker - glutathione and DNA fingerprinting of biofield energy treated Oryza sativa. American Journal of BioScience 3: 243-248.
[37] Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Gangwar M, Jana S (2016) Molecular analysis of biofield treated eggplant and watermelon crops. Adv Crop Sci Tech 4: 208.
[38] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Latiyal O, Jana S (2015) Physical, atomic and thermal properties of biofield treated lithium powder. J Adv Chem Eng 5: 136.
[39] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Latiyal O, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of biofield energy treatment on physical and thermal characteristics of selenium powder. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 3: 223-228.
[40] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Mishra RK, Latiyal O, Jana S (2015) Physicochemical characterization of biofield energy treated calcium carbonate powder. American Journal of Health Research 3: 368-375.
[41] Ladics GS (2007) Primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as the conventional T-cell dependent antibody response (TDAR) test. J Immunotoxicol 4: 149-152.
[42] King EJ, Armstrong AR (1934) Estimation of alkaline phosphatase. Canad Med Assoc J 311: 152-156.
[43] Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J Biol Chem 226: 497-509.
[44] Devasagayam TPA, Tarachand U (1987) Decreased lipid peroxidation in the rat kidney during gestation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 145: 134-138.
[45] Marklund S, Marklund G (1974) Involvement of superoxide anion radical in the autooxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 47: 469-474.
[46] Sinha AK (1972) Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem 47: 389-394.
[47] Yamada K, Hung P, Park TK, Park PJ, Limb BO (2011) A comparison of the immunostimulatory effects of the medicinal herbs echinacea, ashwagandha and brahmi. J Ethnopharmacol 137: 231-235.
[48] Solomons NW (1998) Mild human zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Nutr Rev 56: 27-28.
[49] Jung Y, Rothenberg ME (2014) Roles and regulation of gastrointestinal eosinophils in immunity and disease. J Immunol 193: 999-1005.
[50] Galioto AM, Hess JA, Nolan TJ, Schad GA, Lee JJ, Abraham D (2006) Role of eosinophils and neutrophils in innate and adaptive protective immunity to larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice. Infect Immun 74: 5730-5738.
[51] Sultana N, Shimmi AC, Hossain MT, Akhtar J (2012) Effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on some serum liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT) in gentamicin intoxicated rats. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 7: 1-7.
[52] Ambiye VR, Langade D, Dongre S, Aptikar P, Kulkarni M, Dongre A (2013) Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: A pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013: 571420.
[53] Cinar V, Polat Y, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R (2011) Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res 140: 18-23.
[54] Garcia PC, Piffer RC, Gerardin DC, Sankako MK, Alves de Lima RO, Pereira OC (2012) Could zinc prevent reproductive alterations caused by cigarette smoke in male rats? Reprod Fertil Dev 24: 559-567.
[55] Jana K, Samanta PK, Manna I, Ghosh P, Singh N, Khetan RP, Ray BR (2008) Protective effect of sodium selenite and zinc sulfate on intensive swimming-induced testicular gamatogenic and steroidogenic disorders in mature male rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33: 903-914.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Barry Dean Wellborn, et al. (2017). Evaluation of the Effects of Biofield Energy Healing Based Herbomineral Formulation on Various Biomarkers in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Role of the Trivedi Effect®. International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry, 3(6), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Mahendra Kumar Trivedi; Alice Branton; Dahryn Trivedi; Gopal Nayak; Barry Dean Wellborn, et al. Evaluation of the Effects of Biofield Energy Healing Based Herbomineral Formulation on Various Biomarkers in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Role of the Trivedi Effect®. Int. J. Pharm. Chem. 2017, 3(6), 99-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Barry Dean Wellborn, et al. Evaluation of the Effects of Biofield Energy Healing Based Herbomineral Formulation on Various Biomarkers in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Role of the Trivedi Effect®. Int J Pharm Chem. 2017;3(6):99-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16,
      author = {Mahendra Kumar Trivedi and Alice Branton and Dahryn Trivedi and Gopal Nayak and Barry Dean Wellborn and Deborah Lea Smith and Dezi Ann Koster and Elizabeth Patric and Jagdish Singh and Kathleen Starr Vagt and Krista Joanne Callas and Sambhu Charan Mondal and Snehasis Jana},
      title = {Evaluation of the Effects of Biofield Energy Healing Based Herbomineral Formulation on Various Biomarkers in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Role of the Trivedi Effect®},
      journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry},
      volume = {3},
      number = {6},
      pages = {99-108},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpc.20170306.16},
      abstract = {A new proprietary herbomineral formulation was formulated, consisting of essential ingredients viz. herbal root extract ashwagandha and minerals (zinc, magnesium, and selenium). The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of Energy of Consciousness Healing (The Trivedi Effect®) Treatment on the herbomineral formulation in male Sprague Dawley rats. The test formulation was divided into two parts. One part was denoted as the control without Biofield Energy Healing Treatment, while the other part was defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely from seven renowned Biofield Energy Healers. Additionally, one group of animals was also received Biofield Energy Treatment per se (day -15) by Biofield Energy Healers under similar conditions. The IgM, IgG, CD4+, and CD8+ were altered in the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation (G4) compared to the disease control (G2). TLC was significantly increased by 19.35% in the G4 compared to the G2. Neutrophil was significantly increased by 31.53%, 29.73%, 31.53%, and 33.84% in the G4, untreated test formulation (G5), G6, and G7, respectively compared to the G2. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were significantly lowered by 18.18% (p≤0.01), 46.33% (p≤0.01), and 46.41% (p≤0.01), respectively in the G4 compared to the G2. Additionally, the levels of TC, TG, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and VLDL were significantly reduced by 25.50% (p≤0.001), 96.39% (p≤0.001), 13.91%, and 55.08% (p≤0.001), respectively in the G6 compared to the G2. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly reduced by 33.65% (p≤0.001) in the G4 compared to the G2. Moreover, the levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), ALP, and creatine kinase myocardium band (CK-MB) were significantly decreased by 29.44% (p≤0.05), 25.54% (p≤0.01), 27.97% (p≤0.01), and 36.07% (p≤0.01), respectively in the G7 group compared to the G2. Testosterone was significantly increased by 83.68%, 305.90%, 1271.03% (ppppper se at day -15 (G6) and Biofield Energy Treated test formulation at day -15 (G7), respectively compared to the G2. Overall, results suggested that the Biofield Energy Treated herbomineral formulation and Biofield Energy Treatment per se can be used for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, stress management and prevention, and anti-aging by improving overall health.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation of the Effects of Biofield Energy Healing Based Herbomineral Formulation on Various Biomarkers in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Potential Role of the Trivedi Effect®
    AU  - Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
    AU  - Alice Branton
    AU  - Dahryn Trivedi
    AU  - Gopal Nayak
    AU  - Barry Dean Wellborn
    AU  - Deborah Lea Smith
    AU  - Dezi Ann Koster
    AU  - Elizabeth Patric
    AU  - Jagdish Singh
    AU  - Kathleen Starr Vagt
    AU  - Krista Joanne Callas
    AU  - Sambhu Charan Mondal
    AU  - Snehasis Jana
    Y1  - 2017/12/05
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16
    T2  - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry
    JF  - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry
    JO  - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry
    SP  - 99
    EP  - 108
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5749
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20170306.16
    AB  - A new proprietary herbomineral formulation was formulated, consisting of essential ingredients viz. herbal root extract ashwagandha and minerals (zinc, magnesium, and selenium). The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of Energy of Consciousness Healing (The Trivedi Effect®) Treatment on the herbomineral formulation in male Sprague Dawley rats. The test formulation was divided into two parts. One part was denoted as the control without Biofield Energy Healing Treatment, while the other part was defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely from seven renowned Biofield Energy Healers. Additionally, one group of animals was also received Biofield Energy Treatment per se (day -15) by Biofield Energy Healers under similar conditions. The IgM, IgG, CD4+, and CD8+ were altered in the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation (G4) compared to the disease control (G2). TLC was significantly increased by 19.35% in the G4 compared to the G2. Neutrophil was significantly increased by 31.53%, 29.73%, 31.53%, and 33.84% in the G4, untreated test formulation (G5), G6, and G7, respectively compared to the G2. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were significantly lowered by 18.18% (p≤0.01), 46.33% (p≤0.01), and 46.41% (p≤0.01), respectively in the G4 compared to the G2. Additionally, the levels of TC, TG, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and VLDL were significantly reduced by 25.50% (p≤0.001), 96.39% (p≤0.001), 13.91%, and 55.08% (p≤0.001), respectively in the G6 compared to the G2. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly reduced by 33.65% (p≤0.001) in the G4 compared to the G2. Moreover, the levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), ALP, and creatine kinase myocardium band (CK-MB) were significantly decreased by 29.44% (p≤0.05), 25.54% (p≤0.01), 27.97% (p≤0.01), and 36.07% (p≤0.01), respectively in the G7 group compared to the G2. Testosterone was significantly increased by 83.68%, 305.90%, 1271.03% (ppppper se at day -15 (G6) and Biofield Energy Treated test formulation at day -15 (G7), respectively compared to the G2. Overall, results suggested that the Biofield Energy Treated herbomineral formulation and Biofield Energy Treatment per se can be used for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, stress management and prevention, and anti-aging by improving overall health.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA

  • Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, India

  • Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, India

  • Sections